Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022)

Published 9 February 2022

Articles

Original Research Articles

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Differences in the Force-Velocity profile between Judoist and freestyle wrestlers

Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla, Pedro Ángel Latorre Román, Victor Serrano Huete, José Carlos Cabrera Linares, Emilio D. Lozano Aguilera, Pedro Jiménez Reyes

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):141-149.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.15
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Abstract

Differences in the Force-Velocity profile between Judoist and freestyle wrestlers

Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla Pedro Ángel Latorre Román Victor Serrano Huete José Carlos Cabrera Linares Emilio D. Lozano Aguilera Pedro Jiménez Reyes

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):141-149.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.15

Background:
The aim of this study was to gain new knowledge about the force-velocity (F-V) profile in Judoist and freestyle wrestlers, investigating if there were any differences between sports and which physical demands have which fighting modalities. Participants: 24 athletes (male) took part in this study. Twelve Judoist (age: 20.3 ± 3.9 years, weight: 76.4 ± 10.4 kg; height: 179.4 ± 5.3 cm; BMI: 32.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2) and twelve freestyle wrestlers (age: 19.6 ± 4.5 years, weight: 65.3 ± 13.6 kg; height: 177.5 ± 5.7 cm; BMI: 23.8 ± 1.8 kg/m2) participated.
Methods:
To evaluate the F-V profile, the participants performed a squat jump (SJ) without load, as well as with different load conditions (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of athlete’s body mass). To assess the height of the jump, the OptoGait system was used. Consequently, the theoretical maximal force (F0); the theoretical maximal velocity (V0); maximal mechanical power output (Pmax); slope of the linear F-V relationship (Sfv); optimal F-V profile (Sfvopt); and the differences between Sfv and Sfvopt (FVimb%) were obtained.
Results:
A higher F0 and lower V0 were found in Judo athletes compared to wrestlers. Significant differences were found in Sfv and FVimb (p<0.001).
Conclusion:
The F-V profile is an accurate, reliable, and economical method that facilitates the evaluation of the current state of the athlete individually. Practical applications: The F-V profile method allows coaches and athletes to adjust their training objectives to achieve a higher level in their sport.

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Differences in the Force-Velocity profile between Judoist and freestyle wrestlers

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):141-149.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.15

Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla Pedro Ángel Latorre Román Victor Serrano Huete José Carlos Cabrera Linares Emilio D. Lozano Aguilera Pedro Jiménez Reyes

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Promoting active lifestyles in schools. Effect of school day on daily physical activity levels

Lara Varela-Garrote, Miriam Carretero-García, Raúl Fraguela-Vale, Luisa Losada-Puente

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):130-140.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.14
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Promoting active lifestyles in schools. Effect of school day on daily physical activity levels

Lara Varela-Garrote Miriam Carretero-García Raúl Fraguela-Vale Luisa Losada-Puente

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):130-140.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.14

Introduction:
The effect of school day is a major factor in everyday rhythms during childhood and adolescence. The relevance of Physical Activity (PA) in school-aged children raises the need to: (a) analyse whether Primary School pupils achieve the recommended levels of daily PA; (b) find out the impact of school day and, specifically, Physical Education (PE) classes on levels of PA compared to weekends; and (c) explore the differences according to sex in daily PA at these ages.
Method:
A cross-sectional study was carried out, using a sample of 126 participants (aged 10.2±0.48 years; 51.6% girls, 48.4% boys) from primary schools. Data on the steps taken by pupils during a week were recorded with an ADXK362 three-axis accelerometer integrated into a wristband. Descriptive (means and standard deviation) and inferential analyses (Student’s T-Test) were performed, assuming a 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). The magnitude of the difference was quantified with power (1-β), α=0.05 (bilateral).
Results:
The average of steps was lower than the minimum recommended, revealing a weekly pattern in which, the most active children were so throughout the week and vice versa. Significant variations were found depending on the days of the week (r=0.40, p<0.001, d= 0.63) or whether they had PE classes (r=0.65, p<0.001, d= 0.79). School day contributed significantly to greater activity and families were less physically active on weekends (t=6.62, p<0.001, d=0.70). Girls had a lower level of PA than boys, and more difficulty reaching the recommended levels of daily PA (t=-4.05, p<0.001, d=0.96), except on weekends.
Conclusion:
Pupils do not reach the minimum recommended daily steps for their age, with a well-established gender gap in favour of boys. School day (especially when PE is taught) increases their daily PA more than at weekends.

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Promoting active lifestyles in schools. Effect of school day on daily physical activity levels

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):130-140.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.14

Lara Varela-Garrote Miriam Carretero-García Raúl Fraguela-Vale Luisa Losada-Puente

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Physical activity level and mediterranean diet adherence evaluation in older people - observational, uncontrolled, pilot study

Roberto Pippi, DeborahPrete, Claudia Ranucci, Stefano Ministrini, Leonella Pasqualini, Carmine Fanelli

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):119-129.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.13
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Physical activity level and mediterranean diet adherence evaluation in older people - observational, uncontrolled, pilot study

Roberto Pippi DeborahPrete Claudia Ranucci Stefano Ministrini Leonella Pasqualini Carmine Fanelli

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):119-129.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.13

WHO recommend to associate a proper dose of movement with healthy and balanced diet, also in elderly. Promoting healthy lifestyles and adopting healthy habits can lead to a successful aging. The Mediterranean diet model is considered the gold standard nutritional treatment in some Non Communicable Diseases and the evaluation of adherence to this diet becomes essential to study the lifestyle of the population in order to prevent the risk of onset of age-related chronic diseases. In order to implement appropriate interventions for successful aging and to prevent functional alterations affecting the people autonomy in Activities of Daily Living, the LIFestyle of the Elderly in Umbria Population Project (LIFEUP) was promoted in 2018, in Italy. 36 subjects were invited to fill out self-report questionnaires used to assess health status and quality of life (EuroQol), physical activity levels (IPAQ) and Mediterranean diet adherence (MED Diet Score). Anthropometric variables (height, BMI), body composition and functional capacities (through Senior Fitness Test battery) were studied. We observed a situation of overweight (average BMI=27.4) with fat mass=30.45% and low total body water 47.64%), with a medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Score=7.19). Furthermore, we noted a good health status perceived (71,14/100), and acceptable physical activity levels (36.55 MET/h/week), and good functional capacities (2 minutes steps average=86.73; chair stands average=14.09; 8-foot up and go test average=6.47 sec.), according to international guidelines and standard ranges for this age. This pilot study gave an overview of a small group of the elderly Umbrian population to implement prevention and health promotion plans among the elderly.

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Physical activity level and mediterranean diet adherence evaluation in older people - observational, uncontrolled, pilot study

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):119-129.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.13

Roberto Pippi DeborahPrete Claudia Ranucci Stefano Ministrini Leonella Pasqualini Carmine Fanelli

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Comparison of muscle activity during swimming and on the Biokinetic simulator

Jitka Vaneckova, Hana Kabesova

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):107-118.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.12
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Comparison of muscle activity during swimming and on the Biokinetic simulator

Jitka Vaneckova Hana Kabesova

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):107-118.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.12

Introduction:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the coordination similarity ratio of involvement of selected muscles (m. pectoralis major; m. latissimus dorsi; m. obliquus externus abdominis; m. triceps brachii) during the crawl swimming cycle as a target movement with imitation movement act. The research set comprised 16 elite swimmers specializing in crawl sprint tracks.
Methods:
The key research method was surface electromyographic analysis synchronized with video recording. The study was based on a quantitative description of electromyographic recordings of the observed movement acts. The research study has the character of an intra-individual and inter-individual comparative analysis of the coordination characteristics of the movement system. This is a sequential triangulation of a quantitative-qualitative approach and an intragroup case study with an experimental way of obtaining data.
Results:
Muscle activation of selected muscles during the crawl did not show a significant difference in effect size compared to the imitation movements on the Biokinetic swimming simulator.

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Comparison of muscle activity during swimming and on the Biokinetic simulator

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):107-118.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.12

Jitka Vaneckova Hana Kabesova

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Impact of two different strength/conditioning training interventions on sport and strength performance of junior male judokas

Aleksander Osipov, Vladimir Guralev, Sergii Iermakov, Tatyana Ratmanskaya, Alena Galimova, Mikhail Kudryavtsev

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):98-106.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.11
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Impact of two different strength/conditioning training interventions on sport and strength performance of junior male judokas

Aleksander Osipov Vladimir Guralev Sergii Iermakov Tatyana Ratmanskaya Alena Galimova Mikhail Kudryavtsev

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):98-106.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.11

Background.
The influence of different strength training interventions on strength and competitive performance has been insufficiently examined in elite junior judokas. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different strength interventions in precompetitive training process of elite junior male judokas.
Material and Methods.
Fifty-three elite judokas (age: 17.22±1.37 yrs, height: 176.34±5.47 cm, body weight: 78.46±6.22 kg, judo training experience: 4.52±0.89 years) performed two different 8-week strength training interventions. Group 1 (n=27) were performed “strength” intervention, group 2 (n=26) were performed “CrossFit®” intervention about 5.3-6.0 hours per week. The base training exercises were as follows: bench press, barbell bench pull and lat pull-down, clean & jerk, snatch, squats and knee flexion curl, pull up. The handgrip strength test, the one-repetition maximum tests, pull up test and competitive performance evalution, were in this study.
Results.
In post-intervention period, were found that bench press and back squat findings were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in judokas (group 1) as compared to judokas (group 2). There were significantly (p≤0.05) higher pull up findings in judokas (group 2). No significant differences were observed among the groups with regard to competitive performance values within 3.5 months after post-intervention.
Conclusions.
This study demonstrated that 8-week of different strength training interventions are not equally effective to increase performance of junior male judokas in specific strength tests and not to change competitive performance of athletes within 3.5 months after strength intervention. The final decision for the particular strength training intervention (“strength” or “CrossFit®”) can be decided according to an judoka's individual challenges during the competitive season.

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Impact of two different strength/conditioning training interventions on sport and strength performance of junior male judokas

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):98-106.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.11

Aleksander Osipov Vladimir Guralev Sergii Iermakov Tatyana Ratmanskaya Alena Galimova Mikhail Kudryavtsev

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Resilience of adolescents in physical activity during the covid-19 pandemic: a preliminary case study in France

Thibaut Derigny, Christophe Schnitzler, Joseph Gandrieau, François Potdevin

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):86-97.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.10
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Resilience of adolescents in physical activity during the covid-19 pandemic: a preliminary case study in France

Thibaut Derigny Christophe Schnitzler Joseph Gandrieau François Potdevin

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):86-97.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.10

Purpose:
The objective of this study was to examine how adolescents' physical activity (PA) changed during the COVID-19 crisis according to level of intensity and whether there are typologies of resilience based on individual and environmental characteristics.
Methods:
A longitudinal follow-up study of PA in a representative sample of French adolescents (n=808, 16.32±1.01 years old) was carried out. Two online surveys collecting reported data on amounts of PA were completed the week before and during the first week of the lockdown. Data related to individual and environmental characteristics were collected. A principal component method with qualitative and quantitative data (FAMD) for cluster analysis was performed to identify adolescent’s profiles according to their individual, interpersonal and environmental determinants. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and a Bonferroni Post-Hoc test were performed to detect any significant effects of adolescents’ clusters on time and each intensity level of PA.
Results:
Three clusters were identified and characterized by a multifactorial process: active, studious and rural adolescents (37%) reported a significant increase in their MVPA (+707 Mets·week-1, p<0.05), inactive, underachieving and rural adolescents (32%) reported a stability in their MVPA (0 Mets·week-1, NS) and urban adolescents (31%) reported a significant decrease of MVPA (-237 Mets·week-1, p<0.05).
Conclusion:
This study investigated the multifactorial and temporal complexity of PA resilience according to a socio-ecological anchoring, suggesting that factors of resilience in PA are linked to availability of rural and green environments (environmental determinants), good pedagogical follow up (interpersonal determinant) and high initial involvement in PA (individual determinant).

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Resilience of adolescents in physical activity during the covid-19 pandemic: a preliminary case study in France

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):86-97.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.10

Thibaut Derigny Christophe Schnitzler Joseph Gandrieau François Potdevin

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Reliability and usefulness of the reaction speed test in young female volleyball players

Karla Đolo, Zoran Grgantov, Goran Kuvačić

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):77-85.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.09
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Reliability and usefulness of the reaction speed test in young female volleyball players

Karla Đolo Zoran Grgantov Goran Kuvačić

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):77-85.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.09

Reaction speed represents a crucial ability to achieve a high-performance level in volleyball. A reliable computerized test for assessing reaction speed cannot simulate the dynamic environment of the volleyball game. Therefore, tests involving the activation of large muscle groups are needed. This study aimed to determine the reliability of young volleyball players' reaction speed ability using the Stopping the rolling ball test (SRB). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) also expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV%), smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated. Paired t-test revealed no significant differences between test and re-test for first (t = -0.09, p = 0.92), mean of three (t = -0.37, p = 0.71), and best of three (t = -0.02, p = 0.98) trials. The ICC values showed poor relative reliability when the first trial was observed, while for the mean and best of three trials, reliability was consistently very high (excellent). The absolute reliability parameters (within-individual variation) showed large variations ranging from 5% to almost 10% and greater SEM (12.63 cm) for first trial when compared to other variables. The SEM was higher than SWC for all variables when the small differences (i.e., 0.2 multiplied by between-participants SD) were considered. This test showed a high level of absolute and relative reliability and usefulness, which means that the SRB test is an excellent indicator of reaction speed in young volleyball players.

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Reliability and usefulness of the reaction speed test in young female volleyball players

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):77-85.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.09

Karla Đolo Zoran Grgantov Goran Kuvačić

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Visual constraints and swing timing in softball batting: pitcher vs. pitching machine

Jan Carboch, Petra Praveckova, Petra Smejkalova, Tomas Kocib, Jiri Zhanel

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):68-76.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.08
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Visual constraints and swing timing in softball batting: pitcher vs. pitching machine

Jan Carboch Petra Praveckova Petra Smejkalova Tomas Kocib Jiri Zhanel

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):68-76.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.08

When players practice batting against a pitching machine, there are some visual constraints that can affect the movement behaviour of the batter due to the absence of visual information sources that are available in competition performance (pitcher motion). This study sought to compare the timing of softball swing phases whilst batting against a pitcher and a pitching machine. Semi-experienced batters were recorded using a high-speed camera (200 fps) hitting balls (same pitch type) when batting against a pitcher and a pitching machine. Results showed significant differences in specific phases of swing timing under both conditions and each player was affected individually, mostly in the movement initiation (heel of the front leg) and duration of leg on – forward swing initiation. Practice task constraints that removed information sources were shown to have affected batters in specific phases of their swing. Therefore, pitching machines should be used wisely, and coaches should be aware of issues of how the use of pitching machines can affect the softball swing, even with lower level softball players. Furthermore, analysing participants as a group, as opposed to assessing individual differences within the group, can lead to inaccurate results and interpretations individual player’s motor responses and behaviour can be affected in different ways.

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Visual constraints and swing timing in softball batting: pitcher vs. pitching machine

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):68-76.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.08

Jan Carboch Petra Praveckova Petra Smejkalova Tomas Kocib Jiri Zhanel

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Attentional focus on learning fundamental movement skills in children

Afroditi Lola, George Tzetzis, Vasiliki Manou, Smaragda Alexandropoulou

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):60-67.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.07
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Attentional focus on learning fundamental movement skills in children

Afroditi Lola George Tzetzis Vasiliki Manou Smaragda Alexandropoulou

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):60-67.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.07

Several researchers studying focus of attention have concluded that the external focus is superior to the internal in learning motor skills in adults. However, there is limited research concerning the effect of different focus of attention on learning fundamental movement skills in kindergarten children. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of internal and external focus of attention on learning and transfer of a throwing skill in kindergarten children. Participants were 51 children (5-6 years), boys and girls, who were randomly selected and assigned into three groups: two experimental (internal and external focus respectively) and one control group. The movement form and the outcome of a throwing task were evaluated. It was found that both experimental groups improved over time, in both movement form and outcome. During the transfer test, the external focus group was better than the internal focus group in movement form; however, there were no differences in movement outcome. It is concluded that both the external or internal focus of attention improved over time the movement outcome and form of the throwing skill. Since the acquisition of sports skills requires the acquisition of fundamental motor skills, further research is needed to investigate the effect of the external or internal focus of attention on fundamental movement skills in kindergarten children.

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Attentional focus on learning fundamental movement skills in children

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):60-67.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.07

Afroditi Lola George Tzetzis Vasiliki Manou Smaragda Alexandropoulou

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Toward a Mediated Model of Physical Activity in Relation to Psychological Distress

Tavis Watt, E. James Kehoe

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):52-59.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.06
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Toward a Mediated Model of Physical Activity in Relation to Psychological Distress

Tavis Watt E. James Kehoe

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):52-59.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.06

Leisure-time physical activity has well demonstrated benefits in mitigating symptoms of depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety. A variety of theoretical mechanisms have been proposed as mediators of this linkage. There has been no reported attempt to develop a unified model of the relative contributions of the proposed mechanisms. To begin to fill this gap, 394 first-year university students were surveyed concerning their participation in physical activity (broadly defined), their level of depressive and anxiety symptoms as indexed by the Kessler 10, and four mediators identified as promising candidates in the literature: behavioral activation (sense of purpose and achievement), belonging (sense of social contact and inclusion), sense of flow (concentrated engagement in activity), and coaching relationship (formal or informal assistance from another person). Each of the candidate mechanisms individually mediated the relationship between physical activity and the K10 score. However, the scores for each of the mechanisms themselves were inter-correlated to a small or medium degree. When all scores were analysed as an integrated model, only behavioral activation and belonging were significant mediators. Once these two mediators had been accounted for, there was no additional direct effect of physical activity on both depression and anxiety. The next steps for refining and testing the model are discussed.

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Toward a Mediated Model of Physical Activity in Relation to Psychological Distress

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):52-59.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.06

Tavis Watt E. James Kehoe

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Self-leadership differences between athletes with and without physical disability

Proios Ioannis, Fotiadou Eleni, Batsiou Sophia, Doganis George, Balasas Dimitris, Proios Miltiadis

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):44-51.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.05
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Self-leadership differences between athletes with and without physical disability

Proios Ioannis Fotiadou Eleni Batsiou Sophia Doganis George Balasas Dimitris Proios Miltiadis

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):44-51.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.05

Introduction:
Self-leadership is a psychological concept that display an impressive potential in the enhance of individual performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived levels of use of self-leadership strategies by athletes and to explore the existence of potential individual differences in self-leadership strategies by athletes with and without physical disability.
Material and methods:
Participants were a sample of 469 athletes, 245 with physical disability and 224 without physical disability (n = 312 men, and n = 157 women). Participants’ ages were 16-51 years old (age 24.82±7.32 yrs). The subjects filled a validated Greek version of the Revised Self-leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ).
Results:
Results showed some positive self-leadership tendencies, and significant individual differences in the use of self-leadership strategies (self-reward p<0.001; ES=0.029, self-punishment p<0.01; ES=0.017, natural rewards p<0.001; ES=0.026, visualizing p<0.001; ES=0.023, and self-talk p<0.001; ES=0.032) between athletes with and without physical disability.
Conclusions:
In conclusion, the findings of the present study support that athletes with different physical abilities are not exactly alike in the self-leadership abilities. It is considered useful when a coach is concerned about their athletes’ self-leadership training.

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Self-leadership differences between athletes with and without physical disability

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):44-51.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.05

Proios Ioannis Fotiadou Eleni Batsiou Sophia Doganis George Balasas Dimitris Proios Miltiadis

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Could an intermittent Physical Education-based fitness teaching unit affect secondary school students’ motivation, autotelic experience, and physical self-concept? A cluster-randomized controlled trial

Santiago Guijarro-Romero, Daniel Mayorga-Vega, Carolina Casado-Robles, Jesús Viciana

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):31-43.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.04
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Could an intermittent Physical Education-based fitness teaching unit affect secondary school students’ motivation, autotelic experience, and physical self-concept? A cluster-randomized controlled trial

Santiago Guijarro-Romero Daniel Mayorga-Vega Carolina Casado-Robles Jesús Viciana

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):31-43.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.04

Objective:
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of traditional and intermittent physical fitness-based teaching units on secondary school students’ motivation toward Physical Education, autotelic experience, and physical self-concept.
Methods:
Six classes [126 students (57.9% females) aged 13-15 years], balanced by grade, were cluster-randomly assigned into control (n = 40), traditional (n = 34) and innovative (n = 52) groups. The traditional group performed a physical fitness teaching unit twice a week for nine weeks (35-40 minutes of the main part of each session). The innovative group worked during the first half of the sessions’ main part (18-20 minutes) similarly to the traditional group, and during the second half they worked on invasion sports. Before and after the intervention, students’ motivation toward Physical Education and physical self-concept were measured through the Perceived Locus of Causality-II Scale and the short form of the Physical Self Description Questionnaire.
Results:
The Multilevel Linear Model showed that the control group students decreased statistically significantly in the integrated, introjected, and controlled motivation compared to those from the innovative and traditional groups (p < 0.05; d = 0.17-0.51). However, no statistically significant differences in the other motivational dimensions, nor on the autotelic experience and physical self-concept dimensions were found between the three groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusion:
Regardless of the teaching unit structure applied (i.e., traditional or intermittent), it could be necessary that Physical Education teachers apply specific strategies for improving these psychological variables of the students.

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Could an intermittent Physical Education-based fitness teaching unit affect secondary school students’ motivation, autotelic experience, and physical self-concept? A cluster-randomized controlled trial

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):31-43.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.04

Santiago Guijarro-Romero Daniel Mayorga-Vega Carolina Casado-Robles Jesús Viciana

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Non-linear didactic technology-based intervention to enhance basic motor competencies with MOBAK-5: a pilot study in primary school

Domenico Monacis, Dario Colella, Pierpaolo Limone

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):22-30.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.03
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Non-linear didactic technology-based intervention to enhance basic motor competencies with MOBAK-5: a pilot study in primary school

Domenico Monacis Dario Colella Pierpaolo Limone

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):22-30.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.03

Introduction:
Technologies in physical education, as Exergames (EXGs) or Active Videogames (AVGs), represent a useful tool to increase levels of physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior, but their effectiveness on motor competence development is still unclear. The aim of the study is to gain new knowledge about the development of motor competences, assessed under two different experimental conditions: (a) technology-based intervention protocol without teacher mediation, and (b) technology-based intervention with teacher mediation, based on the variation of teaching styles in a non-linear didactic approach.
Material and methods:
The sample consisted of 120 primary school children, ranged from 10 to 11 years, divided in Normal weight (Nw) and Overweight-Obese (Ow-Ob), according to BMI, and assigned to Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG). EG followed a non-linear didactic approach, based on the use of different teaching styles, proposing different variants of motor tasks, and soliciting various learning methods, while in CG teachers explained and demonstrated only one variant of the proposed task, with children practicing and performing sequentially what was proposed. Motor competencies development was assessed with MOBAK-5, pre- and after one week at the end of intervention.
Results:
Evidenced positive effects on both Nw and Ow-Ob groups in EG, and on total sample, improving scores in all MOBAK subtest and total motor qualifications, while less positive effects can be observed in Control group for Normal-weight sample.
Discussion:
The integration of technology into physical education lessons, combined with non-linear didactics approaches represents an innovative and effective way to develop motor competencies in primary school. However, further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.

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Non-linear didactic technology-based intervention to enhance basic motor competencies with MOBAK-5: a pilot study in primary school

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):22-30.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.03

Domenico Monacis Dario Colella Pierpaolo Limone

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Exercise-Heat Stress, Hyperthermia, Dehydration and Fatigue Effects on Cognitive Performance among Semi-Professional Male Athletes

Dube Adiele, Gouws Chantell, Breukelman Gerrit J

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):10-21.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.02
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Exercise-Heat Stress, Hyperthermia, Dehydration and Fatigue Effects on Cognitive Performance among Semi-Professional Male Athletes

Dube Adiele Gouws Chantell Breukelman Gerrit J

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):10-21.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.02

Background:
Evidence regarding heat stress, dehydration, hypohydration and fluid balance effects on semi-professional athletes’ cognitive function is still limited. This study aimed to examine the effects of exercise heat-stress, hyperthermia, dehydration and fatigue on cognitive performances in semi-professional athletes.
Methods:
Eighteen healthy male athletes from individual and team sports participated. Participants completed a cognitive and mood test battery prior, immediately after and post 120 min of treadmill exercise. A soccer-specific intermittent treadmill exercise protocol was completed in four experimental trials in temperate (normothermic) and hot (hyperthermic) conditions. Participants were hydrated and dehydrated in both conditions. Trial conditions were; normothermic 16.4 ± 0.02°C and 52 ± 1% RH, while hyperthermic 33.9 ± 0.3°C and 61 ± 1% RH.
Results:
Response times; the Stroop effect and Visual search tasks were quicker (584 to 690 ms, p= 0.001; 1978 to 2213 ms, p= 0.003) in the heat. Cognitive tasks showed that reaction time, visual process, motor speed and mood were similar in normothermic (p=0.001). Accuracy improved in hydrated hyperthermic by 1.2% (p=0.002) in Visual search. Total Mood Disturbance was significant in heat (p<0.001). Hydration status had no major effect in some cognition performance markers except for mood.
Conclusion:
The response times and accuracy improved following the cognitive testing in semi-professional athletes exercising in relatively humid, hot conditions. However, semi-professional athletes’ cognitive performances were relatively affected by hypohydration and their hydration status needs to be closely monitored during exercise.

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Exercise-Heat Stress, Hyperthermia, Dehydration and Fatigue Effects on Cognitive Performance among Semi-Professional Male Athletes

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):10-21.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.02

Dube Adiele Gouws Chantell Breukelman Gerrit J

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Acute Effects of Actively Play on the Executive Functions of Thai Children

Sonthaya Sriramatr, Raweewan Maphong

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):1-9.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.01
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Abstract

The Acute Effects of Actively Play on the Executive Functions of Thai Children

Sonthaya Sriramatr Raweewan Maphong

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):1-9.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.01

Background:
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a single active play intervention on the executive functions in children.
Methods:
A quasi-experimental design. Children from two classrooms in the 5th grade were randomly selected. Children in one classroom (n=30) were assigned to an active playgroup, while those from another class (n=30) were assigned to a control group. We tested two components of executive functions (i.e., working memory [the Trails Making Test (TMT)] and inhibitory control [the Stoop Color-Word Test (SCWT)]) at pre-and post-intervention times.
Results:
There was a significant interaction effect of an active play by time for the TMT and SCWT (p < 0.01). At post-test, children in the active playgroup had better TMT and SCWT scores than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Compared to the pre-test, children in the active playgroup had better TMT and SCWT cores on the post-test (p<0.01), while children in the control group had better TMT1 and SCWT2 scores in the post-test (all p<0.05).
Conclusion:
Given the improved working memory and inhibitory control, the active play seems to be an effective intervention, even in a single bout.

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Cite this article

The Acute Effects of Actively Play on the Executive Functions of Thai Children

Phys Act Rev. 2022;10(1):1-9.DOI: 10.16926/par.2022.10.01

Sonthaya Sriramatr Raweewan Maphong

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