Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023)

Published 

Articles

Original Research Articles

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Expertise development of elite Taekwondo coaches

    Nassima Cherifi, John A. Johnson, Seung-Tae Chin
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):131-145.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.15
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    Abstract

    Expertise development of elite Taekwondo coaches

    Nassima Cherifi John A. Johnson Seung-Tae Chin

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):131-145.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.15

    Objective:

    While numerous studies on the expertise of elite sports coaches have been conducted, few studies have been conducted on coaching Taekwondo, an Olympic sport rapidly gaining worldwide popularity. Yet, as a combat sport with Asian martial arts roots, elite Taekwondo coaches may have different needs than their peers in other sports. The present study thus explored elite Taekwondo coaches during the course of their careers.

    Methods:

    Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Coaches (n=9) were selected via purposeful sampling and were all elite Taekwondo coaches with more than 10 years’ experience in elite Taekwondo coaching. Focused questions examined the transition of expert elite Taekwondo coaches through various stages in their careers to explore their expertise development process.

    Results:

    Five key variables emerged from the analysis of the expert coaches’ growth toward expertise. These variables correlate with what other coaches of elite coaches experienced during their development, thus evidencing that coaching Olympic Taekwondo is not unlike coaching other elite sports.
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    Expertise development of elite Taekwondo coaches

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):131-145.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.15

    Nassima Cherifi John A. Johnson Seung-Tae Chin

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Autistic features in relation to motor function and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder

    Eman Sayed Albadry, Amira M Abd-Elmonem, Amr Ahmed Othman, Mai Elsayed Abbass
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):123-130.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.14
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    Autistic features in relation to motor function and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder

    Eman Sayed Albadry Amira M Abd-Elmonem Amr Ahmed Othman Mai Elsayed Abbass

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):123-130.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.14

    Background:

    Although motor limitations are not currently considered clinical manifestations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), they should not be ignored because of their high incidence and considerable influence on functional activity.

    Objective:

    This study aimed to investigate the relationship between autistic features, motor function, and quality of life (QoL) in children with ASD.

    Methods:

    Sixty children diagnosed with ASD from both sexes participated in this study. They were assessed for autistic features, motor skills, and QoL using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, and the Arabic version of the Pediatric Quality of Life generic core scale.

    Results:

    There was a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) between autistic features and QoL and a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) between autistic features and gross motor function, with Pearson correlation coefficients of -0.794 and -0.736, respectively. While the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.834, there was a significant positive correlation (p<0.001) between gross motor function and QoL. With a p-value (p<0.001), linear regression analysis revealed that autistic features are a highly significant predictor of QoL and gross motor function. Furthermore, gross motor function was a highly significant predictor of QoL (p<0.001).

    Conclusion:

    Autistic features adversely affect motor function and QoL in children with an autism spectrum disorder.
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    Autistic features in relation to motor function and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):123-130.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.14

    Eman Sayed Albadry Amira M Abd-Elmonem Amr Ahmed Othman Mai Elsayed Abbass

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    The relationship of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency in preschool children – pilot study

    Lenka Vojtíková, Jan Hnízdil, Ivana Turčová, Wojciech Statowski
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):112-122.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.13
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    The relationship of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency in preschool children – pilot study

    Lenka Vojtíková Jan Hnízdil Ivana Turčová Wojciech Statowski

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):112-122.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.13

    Introduction:

    This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive abilities and motor skills in a selected group of preschool children.

    Material and methods:

    We measured 56 children (27 girls, 29 boys; average age 5.97±0.42). The level of motor proficiency was measured using the short version of the BOT-2 test, and cognitive abilities were measured using the colored trail making test for children.

    Results:

    Girls scored better on all test items, and the observed differences were not statistically significant, except for the difference in fine manual control. For this category, the results for girls were significantly better than those for boys (p<0.01). The effect size of the observed differences in cognitive and motor skill levels between girls and boys had a large effect. The results showed a strong correlation between the level of cognitive abilities and the level of motor profieciency in preschool children (r=0.61; p<0.01) in the whole group as well as when assessing correlations separately for the group of boys (r=0.64; p<0.01) and the group of girls (r=0.50; p<0.01). Moderate to moderately strong correlations have been proved between the level of cognitive ability and the level of motor profieciency in particial motor categories: manual coordination (r=0.65; p<0.01), fine manual control (r=0.52; p<0.01), and body coordination (r=0.50; p<0.01). The relationship between the level of cognitive ability, strength, and agility was weak (r=0.34; p<0.05). Considering all test limits, the process of testing, and preschool age specifics, we can state that there is a strong correlation between motor and cognitive abilities.

    Conclusions:

    Motor and cognitive ability development are closely related. The results of this study demonstrated the importance of complex development and early screening. The results of this study can serve as another useful insight related to previous claims in the field of the development of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency.
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    The relationship of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency in preschool children – pilot study

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):112-122.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.13

    Lenka Vojtíková Jan Hnízdil Ivana Turčová Wojciech Statowski

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    The Practicality and Effectiveness of Soccer Scoring Techniques Revealed by Top Elite Soccer Scorers

    Gongbing Shan
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):99-111.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.12
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    Abstract

    The Practicality and Effectiveness of Soccer Scoring Techniques Revealed by Top Elite Soccer Scorers

    Gongbing Shan

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):99-111.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.12

    Background:

    Although there are 43 soccer scoring techniques (SSTs) identified in the elite soccer games, most of them are overlooked by the current coaching practice. Obviously, the lack of scientific quantification on the fundamental issues related to SSTs could be one of the reasons for the crisis. Therefore, improving coaching practice requires efforts on fundamental researches to supply evidences that can be used to better guide the SST research and the development of SST training systems. Two of the fundamental aspects are the practicality and effectiveness of SSTs. The current study aims to uncover these two aspects.

    Method:

    All repeated nominees of the FIFA Puskás Award were selected as study subjects. The terminology system and the identification method developed by Zhang in 2021 were applied in scoring video analysis of the subjects’ career goals. The percentage of goal obtained by each SST (practicality) and ball possessions before shooting for each goal (effectiveness) were determined to reveal the SSTs’ practicality and shooting effectiveness of the top elite scorers. In total, 2315 goals were quantified. Results and Conclusion: The study has unveiled: 1) the practicality is increased if a SST can be applied in shots under all-body-orientation regardless of the ball spatial position at the instant of shooting, 2) the practicality is also associated with the SSTs that can provide either sudden change of ball motion direction at the instant of shooting or unpredictable ball flight, 3) the effectiveness is linked to shots taken with no or one setting of the ball, and 4) the practicality and effectiveness do not always go along with each other and anthropometrically-dependent characteristics should be considered in SST development. As the 1st pilot investigation on the topic, this study would supply a foundation and rich food for speculative thoughts in further explorations that aim to innovatively develop SSTs’ training systems in the future.
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    The Practicality and Effectiveness of Soccer Scoring Techniques Revealed by Top Elite Soccer Scorers

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):99-111.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.12

    Gongbing Shan

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Sedentary behavior in relation to selected indicators of movement and characteristics of children in the lower-secondary school

    Ladislav Blaha, Josef Heidler, Pavel Prchal
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):88-98.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.11
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    Abstract

    Sedentary behavior in relation to selected indicators of movement and characteristics of children in the lower-secondary school

    Ladislav Blaha Josef Heidler Pavel Prchal

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):88-98.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.11

    Introduction:

    Sedentary behavior (SB) of adolescents is often associated with warning signs of emerging civilization diseases and reduced participation in physical activities (PA). Although some studies point out that SB does not necessarily mean avoiding PA, the opinion of the public prevails, that in addition to the time devoted to sitting during school lessons, the time spent watching monitors and screens is constantly increasing at the expense of PA. Our goal was to determine the indicators of the participation of lower-secondary school students in voluntary SB and to relate them to selected characteristics of their movement behavior or evaluate them from the point of view of compliance with medically recommended criteria.

    Material and Methods:

    The research was carried out using objective and subjective measurement techniques during a two-year period with pupils of the lower-secondary schools in the Usti Region (N = 512). A record sheet was used to record data on time indicators of participation in physical and SB and basic anthropometric characteristics. Physical activity was monitored by the Yamax SW-700 and SW-800 pedometer for 7 consecutive days, i.e., during regular school days and weekend days.

    Results:

    In daily values of time spent in SB, boys surpass girls. Both boys and girls spend more time voluntarily sitting in front of monitors and mobile phones on weekends than on school days (MBW = 162.0 ± 141.4 min. × MBSD = 129.0 ± 109.8 min.; MGW = 133.0 ± 118.1 min. × MGSD = 121.0 ± 110.1 min.). The time values of weekend days show statistical differences between boys and girls (p = 0.02). As pupils age, the time spent on SB increases. In connection with the volume of voluntary SB, neither the mutual relationship of the time of participation in PA (r = -0.006, p = 0.90) nor the volume of locomotor activities (r = -0.058, p = 0.199) was confirmed.

    Conclusion:

    The obtained data confirm the increased level of SB in relation to the recommended criteria. In proportion to the reported time of participation in PA or locomotion indicators, it is not sufficiently compensated. However, in many individuals this behavior is well beyond the tolerated recommended values.
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    Sedentary behavior in relation to selected indicators of movement and characteristics of children in the lower-secondary school

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):88-98.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.11

    Ladislav Blaha Josef Heidler Pavel Prchal

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Physical fitness of students in Indonesian during the COVID-19 period: Physical activity, body mass index, and socioeconomic status

    Wilda Welis, Yendrizal, Darni, Deby Tri Mario
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):77-87.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.10
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    Abstract

    Physical fitness of students in Indonesian during the COVID-19 period: Physical activity, body mass index, and socioeconomic status

    Wilda Welis Yendrizal Darni Deby Tri Mario

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):77-87.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.10

    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the physical education learning process to switch to online methods. Conditions such as this do not result in optimal Physical Activity (PA) (sports activity) carried out by students, which has an impact on their Physical Fitness (PF). With regard to PF, Body Mass Index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) during the COVID-19 period also need to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of PA, BMI, and SES on students' PF during the COVID-19 period. A total of 69 junior high school students were sampled, consisting of male (n=34) and female (n=35). PA data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), BMI using anthropometric data, SES using a questionnaire (education level and parental income for one month), and PF using an Indonesian physical fitness test for the age group of 13-15 years. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. The results showed that PA, BMI, and SES affected students' PF (P<0.05), with a simultaneous effect of 67.60%. The effects of PA is 41.50%, BMI is 32.60%, and SES is 38.70%. Of these three factors, PA is the dominant factor affecting PF without neglecting other factors (BMI and SES). In conclusion, regular PA, balanced nutritional intake, and good SES have an impact on students' PF. This research is expected to be useful for school principals, teachers (especially physical education teachers), parents, and students to evaluate the importance of these factors for the survival of quality children. Future studies should also consider other factors related to students' PF.
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    Physical fitness of students in Indonesian during the COVID-19 period: Physical activity, body mass index, and socioeconomic status

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):77-87.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.10

    Wilda Welis Yendrizal Darni Deby Tri Mario

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Static balance and its association with pain and disability in females with low back pain – a pilot cross-sectional study

    Iva Lončarić Kelečić, Snježana Schuster, Youssef Masharawi
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):69-76.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.09
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    Static balance and its association with pain and disability in females with low back pain – a pilot cross-sectional study

    Iva Lončarić Kelečić Snježana Schuster Youssef Masharawi

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):69-76.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.09

    Introduction:

    Research on low back pain (LBP) indicates sex differences in the prevalence and degree of disability, which is more significant in females and shows possible balance deficiencies. This study aimed to answer the following research questions: (i) is there a difference in static balance between healthy and females with LBP, (ii) is there a correlation between pain and static balance in females with LBP, and (iii) is there a correlation between static balance and disability in females with LBP.

    Methods:

    A cross-sectional research was conducted in a physiotherapy outpatient setting on a sample of 50 subjects, females with LBP and healthy volunteers, divided into two equal groups. Data collected from all respondents were: age, weight and height, the centre of pressure path length and rectangle area, Romberg area quotient and space quotient measured via a stabilometric force platform. In the LBP group, the pain was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and disability was assessed using the 24-item Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Nonparametric statistical tests were used: the Mann-Whitney test (i) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (ii and iii) with a defined significance level set at p<0.05.

    Results:

    Statistical analysis revealed (i) a difference in static balance between healthy females and those with LBP, (iii) a correlation between disability and static balance and (ii) no correlation between pain and static balance in LBP.

    Conclusion:

    Females with LBP have static balance deficiencies, which are correlated with their disability but not with pain which should be considered during physiotherapy.
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    Static balance and its association with pain and disability in females with low back pain – a pilot cross-sectional study

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):69-76.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.09

    Iva Lončarić Kelečić Snježana Schuster Youssef Masharawi

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Relationship Between Autonomy Support Coaching Perceived by Taekwondo Athletes and Interruption Intention: Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence

    Youngtaek Oh, Yoo-Jin Cho
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):60-68.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.08
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    Relationship Between Autonomy Support Coaching Perceived by Taekwondo Athletes and Interruption Intention: Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence

    Youngtaek Oh Yoo-Jin Cho

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):60-68.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.08

    Objective:

    This study aimed to examine the causal relationship between autonomy support coaching, emotional intelligence, and interruption intention as psychosocial variables among current taekwondo athletes in Korea.

    Methods:

    In this study, 217 professional and university athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association in 2020 were evaluated for autonomy support coaching, emotional intelligence, and interruption intention. SPSS 18.0 and Amos 18.0 were used to analyze the collected data.

    Results:

    Autonomy support coaching recognized by taekwondo athletes had a negative and positive effect on interruption intention and emotional intelligence, respectively. Moreover, emotional intelligence has a negative effect on interruption intention. The mediating effect was validated based on direct effects, which revealed that autonomy support coaching had a negative effect on interruption intention through emotional intelligence.

    Conclusions:

    This research data should be preceded by the autonomy support coaching of a coach to understand the technique of emotional intelligence of university and adult taekwondo athletes. Such outcomes can serve as a foundation for athletes to have the opportunity to participate in sports in a mature manner and promote positive changes in sports culture.
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    Relationship Between Autonomy Support Coaching Perceived by Taekwondo Athletes and Interruption Intention: Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):60-68.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.08

    Youngtaek Oh Yoo-Jin Cho

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological and body composition characteristics of young women sporadically using sauna

    Robert Podstawski, Krzysztof Borysławski, Bożena Hinca, Kevin J. Finn, Aleksandra Dziełak
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):49-59.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.07
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    Effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological and body composition characteristics of young women sporadically using sauna

    Robert Podstawski Krzysztof Borysławski Bożena Hinca Kevin J. Finn Aleksandra Dziełak

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):49-59.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.07

    Aim:

    The aim of this study was to determine the effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological parameters of young women sporadically used sauna. Materials and method: Twenty young women (age: 24.2±2.1 years) were exposed to four sauna sessions of 12 minutes each (temperature: 90-91°C; humidity: 14-16 %) with four 6-minute cool-down breaks including 2-minute cold water immersion (temperature: 9-11oC). Physiological characteristics were monitored before and after the 72-minute experiment. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (systolic - SBP, diastolic - DBP), heart rate (HR), forehead temperature, and body composition were determined on each subject and dependent t-test were performed on each variable.

    Results:

    During the 72-minute experiment forehead temperature increased significantly (p<0.001). A significant decrease was observed in DBP (p=0.045), body mass (p<0.001), minerals (p=0.01), body fat mass (p=0.035), BMI (p<0.001), waist to hip ratio (p=0.042), visceral fat level (p=0.004) and obesity degree (p=0.044) during four successive 12-minute sauna sessions.

    Conclusions:

    Seventy-two minutes of alternating (hot and cold) repeated thermal stress has a significant effect on significant decrease in the values of DBP, and body composition (body mass, BMI, BFM and minerals) characteristics. Two-minute cold water immersions allow the body to cool down significantly and gives the opportunity to stay in the sauna for longer time. Long stays in the sauna can be used to reduce levels of body fat in the human body.
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    Effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological and body composition characteristics of young women sporadically using sauna

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):49-59.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.07

    Robert Podstawski Krzysztof Borysławski Bożena Hinca Kevin J. Finn Aleksandra Dziełak

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    The Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Training Effect to Changes in Speed and Speed-Strength Abilities in Preadolescence Athletes

    Ivan Čillík, Jozef Sýkora, Pavol Pivovarniček
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):40-48.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.06
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    The Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Training Effect to Changes in Speed and Speed-Strength Abilities in Preadolescence Athletes

    Ivan Čillík Jozef Sýkora Pavol Pivovarniček

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):40-48.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.06

    Introduction:

    The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of unilateral and bilateral training program on changes in the level of speed and speed-strength abilities.

    Methods:

    Experimental group 1 (EG1) consisted of 8 young athletes (age = 12.76±1.55 years) and experimental group 2 (EG2) consisted of 8 athletes (age = 12.51±1.59 years) who regularly participate in the training process at a frequency of three times a week. All of our athletes had more than 4 years experiences with regular athletic training 3 times per week prior to this study. During a period of 8 weeks in the preparatory period, such exercises were applied which were performed unilaterally in EG1 and bilaterally in EG2. To determine the effectiveness of take-off training on change in the level of speed and speed-strength abilities, the following tests were performed: relative strength index (RSI), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 20 m run from standing start.

    Results:

    We found out that in the posttest, the athletes of both groups achieved an improvement in the explosive strength of the lower extremities as well as in the acceleration speed. A significant improvement (p<0.05) was recorded in EG1 in SLJ and in EG2 in RSI. The effect size coefficients showed a large effect in RSI in EG2 and in SLJ in EG1.

    Conclusion:

    The results clearly did not confirm a higher effect of the unilateral program in comparison with the bilateral program, but indicated a higher efficiency, especially in the take-off explosiveness of athletes with a unilateral training program.
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    The Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Training Effect to Changes in Speed and Speed-Strength Abilities in Preadolescence Athletes

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):40-48.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.06

    Ivan Čillík Jozef Sýkora Pavol Pivovarniček

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    A comparative evaluation of anthropometric characteristics and respiratory functions' parameters among rugby and soccer players

    Mohammad Ahsan, Mohammed Feroz Ali
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):31-39.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.05
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    A comparative evaluation of anthropometric characteristics and respiratory functions' parameters among rugby and soccer players

    Mohammad Ahsan Mohammed Feroz Ali

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):31-39.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.05

    Introduction:

    Evaluation of anthropometric characteristics and respiratory functions is imperative for investigating the health status of individuals and sportspersons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric characteristics and respiratory function parameters of rugby and soccer players.

    Methods:

    Forty-four players (rugby, n=22; soccer, n=22) were selected for the present study. They were free of musculoskeletal and respiratory disorders. Their age was 21.49±1.41 years, height 173.62±6.26 cm, weight 71.40±14.44 kg, BMI 22.70±4.26 kg/m2, PBF 17.35±12.27%, Fat Mass 24.43±13.61 kg, and LBM 55.98±7.26 kg. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were measured using a weighing scale cum stadiometer and a bioelectric impedance analyzer. Respiratory function was assessed using a handheld spirometer. Standard procedures were followed to measure the anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and respiratory function.

    Results:

    The results of the study demonstrated no significant differences in anthropometric characteristics and body composition between rugby and soccer players. The respiratory function parameters were insignificant for vital capacity (VC) (MWU=213, p=0.496), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (MWU=216, p=-0.541), forced expiratory volume in the first second divided by vital capacity (FEV/VC) (MWU=205.5, p=0.390), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) (MWU=224.5, p=0.681) among rugby and soccer players; only a significant difference was found in forced vital capacity (FVC) (MWU=142.5, p=0.019) in rugby and soccer players.

    Conclusion:

    Based on findings from the study, it can be concluded that rugby players have higher values for respiratory functions than soccer players. The findings of this study can inform future researchers, coaches, and team instructors regarding the preparation of rugby and soccer players for specific training and competitions.
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    A comparative evaluation of anthropometric characteristics and respiratory functions' parameters among rugby and soccer players

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):31-39.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.05

    Mohammad Ahsan Mohammed Feroz Ali

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    The influence of core stability exercises programme on the functional limitations of the musculoskeletal system in girls practising volleyball

    Dariusz Boguszewski, Magdalena Stępień, Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):24-30.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.04
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    The influence of core stability exercises programme on the functional limitations of the musculoskeletal system in girls practising volleyball

    Dariusz Boguszewski Magdalena Stępień Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):24-30.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.04

    Introduction.

    High physical fitness requirements in young athletes may lead to physical injuries. This study aimed to determine the influence of a core stability exercise program on the functional limitations of the musculoskeletal system in girls practising volleyball.

    Materials and Methods.

    32 female players practising competitive volleyball in the Sport Club SMS Warsaw participated in this study. Group 1 (study group) comprised female volleyball players who, apart from training, performed stabilisation exercises from the developed program. Group 2 (control group) included players who did not perform any additional exercises. The assessment tool was the FMS test, comprising of 7 movement patterns scored on a scale of 0–3.

    Results.

    In the studied group of 32 volleyball players, at the first measurement, the average result of the FMS test amounted to 11.38 points. At the second measurement, considerably better results (p<0.001) were observed in the study group. Both the players in the study and control groups obtained the highest possible result of the pectoral girdle mobility test at both measurements.

    Conclusion.

    Stabilisation training may have a diminishing influence on functional limitations in women practising volleyball. The use of stabilisation exercises is recommended to prevent traumatic and overload-related bodily injuries.
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    The influence of core stability exercises programme on the functional limitations of the musculoskeletal system in girls practising volleyball

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):24-30.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.04

    Dariusz Boguszewski Magdalena Stępień Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Model of the mediating effect of team pride in the relationship between transformational leadership and sports activity loyalty

    Youngtaek Oh, Myung-Hwan Yang
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):17-23.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.03
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    Abstract

    Model of the mediating effect of team pride in the relationship between transformational leadership and sports activity loyalty

    Youngtaek Oh Myung-Hwan Yang

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):17-23.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.03

    Objective:

    Athletes participate in sports with affection and attachment. Although the dependence of people's perception of sports activity loyalty on environmental factors has been investigated, the relationship between sports activity loyalty's psycho-sociological variables is not yet well-understood. The current study aims to test the relationships among transformational leadership, pride, and sports activity loyalty perceived by Taekwondo athletes.

    Methods:

    Transformational leadership, pride, and sports activity loyalty were measured in 263 college Taekwondo athletes who participated in the 29th National University Taekwondo Individual Championships in 2022. SPSS 23.0, PROCESS Macro (V.2.13), and Amos 23.0 programs were used for data analysis.

    Results:

    Transformational leadership exerted a positive influence on sports activity loyalty in Taekwondo athletes and a positive influence on authentic pride; however, it decreased hubristic pride. Authentic pride exerted a positive influence on sports activity loyalty but had no effect on hubristic pride. By verifying the mediating effect based on the direct effect, it was proven that transformational leadership was a factor which positively affected sports activity loyalty by mediating authentic pride.

    Conclusions:

    The results of this study imply that it is necessary to strengthen sports activity loyalty by respecting athletes’ opinions, enhancing their autonomy, and improving their authentic pride of the athletes by demonstrating transformational leadership in the Taekwondo community to perceive the athletes’ sports activity loyalty.
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    Model of the mediating effect of team pride in the relationship between transformational leadership and sports activity loyalty

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):17-23.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.03

    Youngtaek Oh Myung-Hwan Yang

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    Conception of effective mass and effect of force – measurement of taekwon-do master

    Jacek Wąsik, Dariusz Mosler, Tomasz Góra, Radomir Scurek
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):11-16.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.02
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    Abstract

    Conception of effective mass and effect of force – measurement of taekwon-do master

    Jacek Wąsik Dariusz Mosler Tomasz Góra Radomir Scurek

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):11-16.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.02

    Background:

    Engagement of mass during a strike in martial arts and its relation to generated force is one of the factor, deciding on the success of an athlete. The aim of this study was to calculate the quantitative portion of effective mass of a athlete who execute striking techniques, by registering a force of strike and time of its contact with a sensor (target).

    Material and methods:

    Black belt taekwon-do (International Taekwon-do Federation) master (age 32 years, body mass of 60 kg, height of 160 cm) performed three types of techniques for three times; roundhouse kick, front kick, side kick and straight punch. His target was a shield mounted on force plate MC 12-2K with amplifier GEN5. Acceleration data was obtained by mounting wireless IMU sensor manufactured by Noraxon attached to a lateral side of a foot.

    Results:

    The highest force was registered for side kick (2406.9 ± 299.8 N), and the lowest for front kick (2008.6 ± 284.8 N). The shortest time of contact with a target had roundhouse kick (0.026 ± 0.010 s), while the longest front kick (0.119 ± 0.052 s). The highest effective mass was achieved by front kick (44%). The highest effect of force coefficient was obtained by roundhouse kick. Other techniques with much lower values seems to be push-like movements.

    Conclusions:

    During strike, a crucial factor for its effectiveness lies in its destructive power. It does not only depend on generated force and engaged mass, but also on contact duration. Proposed quantitative indicators could be beneficial during preparation of an athlete to sport competition. Correctly calculated effective mass allows to measure force in a training environment.
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    Conception of effective mass and effect of force – measurement of taekwon-do master

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):11-16.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.02

    Jacek Wąsik Dariusz Mosler Tomasz Góra Radomir Scurek

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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE

    The variability of strength production capacities during a judo contest

    Víctor Serrano-Huete, Pedro A. Latorre- Román, Felipe García- Pinillos, José A. Morcillo-Losa, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, Juan A. Párraga-Montilla
    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):1-10.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.01
    Article preview

    Abstract

    The variability of strength production capacities during a judo contest

    Víctor Serrano-Huete Pedro A. Latorre- Román Felipe García- Pinillos José A. Morcillo-Losa Pedro Jiménez-Reyes Juan A. Párraga-Montilla

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):1-10.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.01

    Background.

    The muscular response of athletes in a judo contest is one of the most important aspect to measure with precision.

    Objective.

    Our purpose was to obtain and analyse the variability of strength associated to muscular performance parameters during a judo contest.

    Methods.

    Thirty-five men performed five 5-minute bouts with 15 minutes of passive rest. Immediately after each bout, muscular performance parameters were tested: countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal dynamic strength capacities (mean power velocity (MPV), mean strength (MS), maximum strength (MXS), mean power (MP) and maximum power (MXP)) in upper body, dominant (DHS) and non-dominant handgrip isometric strength (NDHS). ANOVA to compare baseline test data and successive bouts was used.

    Results.

    ANOVA revealed significant differences in NDHS (p<0.001), DHS (p<0.001), CMJ (p<0.001), MPV (p<0.001), MXS (p<0.001), MP (p<0.001) and MXP (p<0.001). No significant differences in MS (p = 0.008) were found. Some significant correlations between NDHS and ∆PMX (r=0.368, p=0.050), MPV and ∆MXS (r=0.528, p=0.001) and ∆MXP (r=0.683, p<0.001), MPX and ∆MXS (r=0.528, p=0.001) and ∆MP (r=0.877, p<0.001) were found.

    Conclusion.

    Due to judo contest can be considered a high intensity exercise, it produces an amount of muscular fatigue and therefore significant loss strength that it cannot be recovery during rest-times between successive bouts. For this reason, it was a high variability in strength production capacities, which are modified during a judo contest.
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    Cite this article

    The variability of strength production capacities during a judo contest

    Phys Act Rev. 2023;11(1):1-10.DOI: 10.16926/par.2023.11.01

    Víctor Serrano-Huete Pedro A. Latorre- Román Felipe García- Pinillos José A. Morcillo-Losa Pedro Jiménez-Reyes Juan A. Párraga-Montilla

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