Vol. 4 (2016)

Addiction to drugs is one of the significant problems in many countries. Opium is a kind of drug that its use goes back to many years ago .Dopamine and serotonin are neurotransmitters involved in the process of addiction. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the blood levels of serotonin, dopamine and physical fitness factors in active and inactive men addicted to opium during their rehabilitation period. This study is a descriptive and Causal after the occurrence. A total of 34 men addicted to opium referring to rehabilitation center had been admitted voluntarily as samples were available in the study. According to a questionnaire answered by them, 16 of them did exercise during their rehabilitation period (active group) and 18 of them did not do any physical activity during this period (inactive group). 5 cc of peripheral blood samples were obtained from both groups and were tested their aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, blood pressure and heart rate. Statistical analysis showed that blood levels of serotonin and dopamine in active group were significantly more than inactive group (p<0.05). In addition, the active group compared with the inactive group had low body fat percent, more muscular endurance, more flexibility, and low resting heart rate (p<0.05). According to the findings, we can conclude that low physical activity but as regular walking can affect blood levels of serotonin and dopamine, and health-related fitness factors of addicted men and as a non-drug treatment is helpful.

The purpose of this study was to compare of two aerobic training methods on health-related physical fitness in 10 to 12 years old boys. Thirty-three male students (age 11.27±0.64 year, weight 40.58±9.03 kg, height 151.45±6.34 cm) were recruited from preliminary school and randomly were assigned into rope-jump training (n=12), running training (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. Due to the grouping, each for 8 weeks did the rope jumping or running. Before and after the 8-week training period, factors of health-related fitness, including flexibility, muscular endurance, aerobic power and fat Percentage of the subjects were measured. The results indicated a significant positive effect of rope-jumping training on aerobic power, muscular endurance and body composition and meaningful improvement of aerobic power and body composition by running training (P≤0.05). Due to increasing urbanization and lack of space in homes and schools, rope-jump training can be a good alternative rather than running for physical fitness promotion.

Obesity is an unfavorable state of health as a result of which come in the initial adaptation, that could gradually transform into specific disease condition. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of middle-aged men adaptation to obesity in terms of somatic changes, exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary fitness. The study involved 12 obese middle-aged men (OG) - BMI = 34.32 ± 4.11 kg/m2. The control group (CG) consisted of 12 non-obese middle-aged men- BMI = 23.72 ± 1.83 kg/m2, with similar body height (BH) to OG. After recording somatic and physiological data at rest, participants were subjected to the bicycle ergometer test (BT) gradually increasing intensity. During the BT aerobic power (AP) was recorded and analyzed along with parameters characterizing the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory systems at anaerobic threshold (AT) and the maximum load (ML). This study has shown that obese men have a higher body mass (BM), a higher content of fat (BF), an increased lean body mass (FFM) and a higher content of water (TBW) than CG (p <0.001). Absolute and relatively expressed in relation to the FFM respondents’ values of AP and VO2 were similar in both groups and after taking under the consideration the body weight, they were significantly lower in OG than in the CG. Furthermore, adverse effects have been observed that emerged on some cardiovascular and respiratory variables at rest in case of OG; these effects did not occur during physical exertion. Beyond negative changes occurring obesity in the first stage led to favorable somatic adaptation that entails an increase of FFM in OG, which gives a positive impact on the capacity of physical work of obese men and produces a beneficial effect on the resulting compensation impairment in the respiratory and circulatory systems of these subjects.

Complex methodology was applied to study a movement structure in the standing back tuck somersault (SBTS). We have checked the usefulness of the multi-modular measuring system (SMART-E, BTS, Company, Italy) consisting of six infrared cameras, and the wireless module Pocket EMG, for measuring muscle bioelectric activity and force plate (AMTI, USA). Software Smart Analyser was used to create a database allowing the chosen parameters to be compared. Using a comprehensive methodology in the studies of the back somersault, performed with the landing at the same place (salto – S), allows for the presentation of the external and internal structure of the movement of this exercise.

Young people living with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have less access to sports and physical activity. Even when they do, the instructors do not always have the training to include them adequately. This study aimed to identify barriers that young people with ASD may face and strategies to overcome these barriers. In order to meet the objectives of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with young people, parents, and caregivers. Then, a qualitative analysis of the interviews has allowed the identification of three types of barriers: related to ASD, related to the physical and social environments, and related to the physical activity itself. Three categories of coping strategies have also been identified by the participants. In order to help reduce the barriers, one should focus on the social environment, the activity, and communication strategies. This study confirms previous research and shows that there are effective ways to intervene with young people living with ASD in order to optimize their integration in sports and physical activity and that it can be done with little resources.

Obesity is blamed for over 2.8 million annual deaths all over the world with increasing prevalence of related comorbidities, including metabolic (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) and non-metabolic disorders (e.g. cancer, stroke, depression, polycystic ovary syndrome, fat liver disease, glomerulopathy, bone fragility etc.) The aim of the study was to describe the causes and remedies of obesity. There are two primary causes for the increase in obesity: lack of an active lifestyle and poor nutrition. Fortunately, inactivity and poor nutrition are causes that can be altered through intervention. The PA based on walking in duration of 5 months were used in subjects with BMI>30kg.m-1. The PA was controlled in 192 middle age women, 67 men of the same age, and 58 women seniors with help the pedometer Omron HJ720IT and energy content was controlled by Caltrac, and by relationship between speed of walking and VO2. VO2peak was improved from 13.2±2.1% in women to 15.1±2.4% in men, and by 13.0±2.7% in senior women. Similarly was altered the motor performance – maximal speed of walking on the treadmill about 11.3±2.6% in women and16.2±3.1% in men, and by 10.8±2.6% in senior women. %BF was decreased by 7.2±1.9% in women and by 6.5±2.0% in men, and by 6.7±2.4% in senior women. Together with these variables were significantly improved the predispositions for physical and workload evaluated by ECM/BCM coefficient (6.8±2.5% in women, 7.9±3.1% in men, and 8.5±3.0% in senior women). We may concluded that walking with the mean energy content of 1500kcal.week-1 (9430 ± 840steps.day-1)in females and men of middle age, and energy content about 1000 kcal.week-1 (6930 ± 610steps.day-1) in senior women is able to significantly reduce the overweight and/or obesity and an improve actual fitness state in subjects without regular movement regime. Therefore, the chance of success in reducing the effects of hypokinesia have only those PA, which are cheap, safe, well manageable and easily available for sale in the times and conditions, complying with the intervened individuals.

Velocity and accuracy of strike are important factors that help in achieving victory. The question is if the target selection can have an impact on the strike kinematics. The topic is especially important in the case of the traditional taekwon-do, in which a single kick might decide who the winner is. The aim of the paper is knowledge about the influence of the target on the kinematic factors of the front kick technique. In this study, a Polish Taekwon-do Championship runner-up was examined. The taekwon-do athlete (age: 28 years; body mass: 68 kg; height: 172 cm) is holding a 2nd degree, Motion analysis and data processing was prepared in HML (Human Motion Lab) using 10 NIR Vicon MX-T40 cameras with the acquisition speed of 100 to 2000 frames per second at full frame resolution of 4 megapixels. During the research various measurements were collected to perform dimensional analysis of foot and knee movement, describing their velocity changes as a function of time. The following strike speeds were recorded. No physical target: dominant leg foot 12.25 ± 0.18 m/s, non-dominant leg foot 13,92 ± 0,87 m/s. Small ball target/Punching ball: dominant leg foot 10,27 ± 0,29 m/s, non-dominant leg foot 10,03 ± 0,15 m/s. Kicking Shield/Shield: dominant leg foot 11,17 ± 0,34 m/s, non-dominant leg foot 10,06 ± 0,46 m/s. The quickest strike was registered when the athlete had no physical target in front of him. No focus on the target caused the fastest results. The shield target provoked a stronger and slower strike, as the speed has been slightly slower than in the non-target situation. The velocity of the foot was reduced the most when the most precision was needed. Aiming into a little ball caused the biggest speed to decrease the most. The main conclusion is that the more precision is needed, the more speed decrease will be observed

Quality of life (QoL) is strongly influenced by an individual’s health. The lack of population studies measuring the QoL of people with physical disabilities (PD) and people who are deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH) encouraged us to consider conducting this research. The aim of this study was to compare the satisfaction with quality of life indicators (QoLI) and domains (QoLD) between people with PD and people who are D/HH. This study included 315 individuals with disabilities, concretely with PD and hearing impairments. Participants were divided into two groups based on participation in physical activities: active (people with PD, n=73; people who are D/HH, n=52) and inactive (people with PD, n=77; people who are D/HH, n=113). The second part of Subjective Quality of Life Analysis (S.QUA.L.A.) between active and inactive members with disabilities was used. The Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the differences in satisfaction with 23 QoLI and 5 QoLD (general health, physical health and level of independence, psychological health and spirituality, social relationships and environment) between the two groups (active and inactive) within each population with disabilities. We found significant differences between active and inactive people with PD only in 3 from 23 QoLI and only in one from 5 QoLD. On the other hand active people who are D/HH presented significant higher satisfaction with 11 QoLI and with 4 QoLD as well as significant higher level of overall QoL (p<.05) comparing inactive individuals with the same disability. This evaluation of the satisfaction with QoLI and QoLD by S.QUA.L.A. shows that it is a suitable tool to asses QoL in the population with different kinds of disabilities. The results of our study confirmed that regular participation in sport increases QoL, especially in people who are D/HH.

The objective of this study was to investigate the ways in which participation in physical activity is prevented or facilitated among older adults who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). Interviews were conducted with 8 individuals who are D/HH aged 50+ years (4 females and 4 males). The sample was created by asking key people in local organisations who they would recommend. Participants were recruited in an effort to have a cross-section of different hearing loss view-related experiences. Data was analysed using a thematic analysis. The analysis revealed four themes that helped to explain why physical activity was perceived as being either prevented or facilitated among older adults who are D/HH: communication strategies; visual and technical support; environment; physical activity participation. Appropriate physical activities can help to reduce personal and family stress and facilitate bringing about new long-term friendships, as well as help the individuals to take their minds off the hectic course of life. Various communication strategies can be used effectively in during leisure time physical activities with people who are D/HH. The main challenge for any specialist in physical activities (educator, coach or physiotherapist) is to pinpoint the most effective method for a particular individual who is D/HH and then become proficient in it. Our study confirmed that participation in physical activities is very important for all older adults who are D/HH in order to build connections with existing mainstream community activities.

Introduction The goal of our study was to identify and compareimpact of specific dual focus of concentration known in Goju-ryu schoolas a system of KZR (closed hands kata) - heishu, concentration inside the body versus KOR (open hands kata) - kaishu, concentration outside of the body. Method:. Studysample consisted of Karate Dojo Pivovarník karateka from Hanušovce nad Topľou, Slovak republic (n=7, 6 men and 1 woman), all of them were holders of at least. 1st. Dan master grade, theywere able to practice in dual focus. We have compared the trainings performed by both systems KZR vs. KOR while respecting relatively identical conditions. At the same time we observed physiological, biochemicaland somatic indicators. Participants completed a questionnaire,consent form and filled outpersonality questionnaire. The data were evaluated with statistical programs MS Excel, SPSS Statistics, biochemical results were obtained in laboratory Synlab Slovakia s.r.o, Prešov and the data were calculated by Dorste, Planta [14]. To determine the significance of differences at entrances and exits KZR vs. KOR we used the Mann-Whitne U – test and Wilcoxon test. Statistical significance was set at (p < 0.01,p <0.05). Result We assumed that the dual concentration will not cause any significant differences from training KZR compare to KOR. However, that was not confirmed. We have detected several statistically significant physiological biochemical and somatic differences. Summary Our results point to the possibility of efficiency gains and predictioning training (performance, intensity etc.). Nevertheless, this pilot study does not allow the results to be generalized for relatively small sample size, and the number of such studies, in spite of thisour studypoints out the high potential and possible future objectification.

The aims of the study were to assess whether commonly used anthropometric indices are associated with body fat measures obtained by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) method, and to determine the best anthropometric predictor of BIA-based body fat percentage (%Fat) and visceral fat rating (VFR) in elderly women. The sample consisted of 24 women aged 80 years and older, the residents of long-term care facilities in Upper Silesia (Poland). All women were subjected to standard anthropometric measurements including the following variables: body weight, body height, waist circumference, hip circumference and neck circumference. On the basis of these measures Body Mass Index (BMI) as well as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. The subjects’ %Fat and VFR were determined by body composition analyzer TANITA BC 420MA (Japan). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to quantify the relationships between variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis with backward elimination was performed to identify possible predictors. The basic characteristics of the investigated subjects were as follows (mean±SD): age - 85.5±3.7 years; body weight - 60.4±11.6 kg; body height - 150.6±7.6 cm; BMI - 26.6±4.6 kg/m2; %Fat - 31.3±9.6%; VFR - 10.7±2.5. Both of BIA-based measures significantly, positively correlated with body weight, BMI and circumferences of waist, hip and neck (r values from 0.477 to 0.835). The multiple regression analysis for %Fat revealed that the body weight was the only variable statistically significant (r2=0.414; p<0.001; SEE=7.503%), and for VFR the significant β coefficients were obtained for BMI and neck circumference (0.625±0.133 and 0.341±0.133, respectively) (r2=0.754; p<0.001; SEE=1.313). Among popular anthropometric indices of body composition in the oldest old group of women, body weight seems to be the best predictor of body fat percentage, and VFR could be predicted by BMI along with a neck circumference.

Objectives The aim of our study was to investigate a relationship between weekly physical activity and quality of life in elderly women. Methods Participants were 22 elderly women ≥ 60 years (mean age 66.27 ± 4.99) with weight ≥ 50kg (mean weight 74.84 ± 14.87kg) from Nitra. In this pilot study we used 2 questionnaires. The assessment of quality of life (QoL) was conducted by Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-36). To examine weekly physical activity we selected International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Both questionnaires were evaluated separately by standardized scoring manual for SF-36 and IPAQ. To examine a relationship between results of SF-36 and IPAQ we used non-parametric Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs). Results The results from IPAQ show significant relationship between quantity and quality of weekly physical activity and age (rs = -0.562). More significant relationships were found in results from SF-36. The results showed significant relationship between domain of Vitality (rs = -0.508), Social Functioning (rs = -0.634), Mental Health (rs = -0.537), Mental Health Summary (rs = -0.549) and age. There was also significant relationship between domain of Vitality (rs = -0.598), Mental Health (rs = -0.505), Mental Health Summary (rs = -0.505) and weight. In this study, the results did not show relationship between weekly physical activity and domains from SF-36. Conclusions According to the results from both questionnaires we follow the age-related decline of weekly physical activity, vitality and mental health. In our study, questionnaires IPAQ and SF-36 did not show relationship between each other. For the further investigation we intend to use different questionnaires for elderly people or we could measure the physical activity with pedometer or other new devices which are now available on the market.

Introduction The current problem of physical inactivity in population is analysed by professionals in various age categories. One of the groups, not that often observed, are university students, who should be able to present their attitude to regular physical activity as well as its contribution to healthy lifestyle. The aim of the research was to find out the structure of physical activities in university students in various study programmes (teacher programmes, sport programmes) and also to determine their attitude to physical activity and the reasons for (not) including physical activity in daily regimen. Methods. The research group involved students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University (n=53, 26 men and 27 women), Faculty of Education, University of Trnava (n=53, only women) a University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice (n=45, 30 men, 15 women). The data were collected by questionnaire with open, semi-open and closed questions. The data were analysed by MS Excel and non-parametric Chi-square test. Results The students with sports profile presented more positive attitude to physical activity than the other students of other study profile. On the other, hand students of the teacher study profile were least satisfied with the offer of physical activities at their faculty and they would like to perform more activities in their leisure time if they had better conditions. The reasons for not performing physical activity were also various. Students with teacher profile chose not enough time (52%), however, students with sports profile chose their health condition as the priority (37%). The reasons for including physical activity in daily regimen were in the group of teacher students supporting health and body forming, the other groups of students preferred fun and challenge. The time spent with sedentary activities was not different regarding the study profile but regarding sex. The results showed a clear difference between men and women, where the most men chose 1-2 hours of sedentary activities every day, whereas women suggested 3-4 hours of sedentary activities. Conclusion Our research data confirm the importance of analysing the reasons for performing or not performing physical activities by university students, which could help to create an optimal model of a physical programme for various study profiles. The results suggest that the students of teacher programmes will prefer health-oriented activities with emphasizing body forming, whereas students of sports programmes will prefer activities focused on performance, challenge and experience.

Introduction Success in decathlon contests is achieved by athletes of all ages - from 18 to almost 40 years. The development and importance of individual competitions in the final point score have changed during many years of sports ontogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes taking place in sports performance level within the decathlon running competitions and their impact on the final result during the long-term sports championship (sports career) development. Materials and methods In the analysis, data concerning the "sports ontogenesis” of the world’s best decathletes (N= 25, mean score 8198 points) were used. The final point score and results in three running competitions, i.e. 100, 400 and 1500m runs were taken into account. In the evaluation of sports championship development, four stages were singled out: junior (up to 19 years), youth (to 23 years), the age in which the best results are achieved (up to 30 years), and the final stage of sports championship (decrease of the performance level - 31 years and more). The changes in performance level were evaluated based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), the relationship between the partial results (runs) and the final score (decathlon) was evaluated based on the Pearson correlation analysis. Results The calculated values of correlation coefficient showed that there is a relationship between the results achieved in the running events and the total score at the individual stages of athletes’ sports development. The highest Pearson correlation values in all researched periods were determined for the 400m run (|rxy| > 0.59; p < 0.05). Additionally, at the third stage of sports career development (stage, at which athletes achieve the best results), the final score is also impacted by the level of results achieved at the distance of 100m. The correlation values for distances of 100 and 400m, are at this stage comparable and are approx. |rxy| = 0.6. Conclusions The greatest impact on the final score achieved by decathletes at all stages of their sports career is running preparation over the distance of 400m.

The report presents the internship analysis results between the physical activity during the week and life quality fields in mid and late adolescence of students in different sport level. In the research took part students from secondary schools and universities from Slovakia (n=308). The life quality was observed via modificated questionnaire SQUALA and the level of the physical activity during the week in hours (PA). The results are presented by descriptive characteristics (n, M, SD) and the statistic importance of differences, relations is rated by non – parametric methods (W, U, rs) at the levels of importance (p<0.05, p<0.20; p = level of significant = p-value = 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%).Positive interactions PA with life quality fields were found in mid adolescence. In the group of active athletes in mid adolescence were proved positive interactions with the field of physical well-being (p<0.10), field of appearance and possession of things (p<,01), by occasional athletes with the spiritual field (p<0.01) and the field of education (p<0.20). In the group of students in late adolescence was proved a positive interaction PA only with the field of material safety (p<0.01).It was repeatedly proved that mid and late adolescence is a very stormy and unstable period of lifetime, mainly when talking about satisfaction with life quality. The importance of life quality plays a great role in the lives of adolescents. It was also pointed out that there are possibilities to influence the fields of life quality via physical activities, but especially the importance of creating sufficient circumstances to enhance the life quality in social environment of adolescents. The contribution was published via the grant resource MŠ SR KEGA 003UKF-4/2016.

Introduction 400m hurdle run (400m H) is held on a track consisting of nine 35-meter sections separated by ten 91 cm high hurdles. Numerous analyses of the run structure carried out at major events (Olympic Games, World and European Championships) indicate that the tactics of the run consists of two parts: "stride pattern" and "split times". Material and methods The exploration of spacio-temporal structure of the 400m H run included in this study is a meta-analysis, involving all major competitions that were held within the period of 36 years (from 1978 to 2014). The analysis included 260 runs from two periods of time: 1978 -1999 (Group A; n = 128) and 2000-2014 (Group B; n = 132). Detailed data included in the analysis involved temporal parameters (times of particular sections and fragments of the run) and spatial parameters (number of strides). To evaluate the differences between the groups, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results The sports performance level was similar in both groups (53.65 ± 0.72s vs. 0.83s ± 53.60.60). The body build was differentiated only by body mass – the female hurdlers competing after 2000 were heavier (p≤0.05). The analysis of time structure proves that modern female hurdlers cover the distance of 400 m faster in the first part (p≤0.01), and significantly decrease the running speed in the final part of the run. The number of strides in Group B is significantly lower at the beginning of the run (p≤0.01), but increases significantly in its following part. Conclusion The tactics of women’s 400m H run has changed after 2000. It affects indirectly changes in the training process.

Triathlon is developing very quickly nowadays. In our paper we are interested in cross triathlon. The road bike is replaced by the mtb mountain bike and the run is also done in the mountain. Triathlon is the endurance kind of sport where the AeT’s (aerobical threshold) and AnT’s (anaerobical threshold) level is the basic indicator of a sports performance. The curve of the both thresholds changes under the influence of a lot of factors during the year. We studied the influence of the running preparation on the aerobic and anaerobic threshold at the cross triathlon specialist during one year. We monitored the level, especially the changes in the sports performance during the ATC (annual training cycle). We valued the training proccess, the quantization of the training load and its influence on the triathlet’s performance with the intraindividual analysis.We gained the necessary data from the training diary and with help of the tests realized in the laboratory conditions .We detected the speed at the aerobic and anaerobic threshold by the running belt. Then we corelated them with the training parameters and we found out the addaction. We followed their actual influence on the performace and the influence of the training paramaters in the time intervals.

The aim of our work is to find out level of somatic development and motor performance of students of the 1.st year-class of FCHPT STU in Bratislava in five years period in years 2011 – 2015 (1881 women and 797 men). We used standardized test battery to recognize motor performance. Comparison of the motion efficiency testing results we used the test of statistical significance of differences in mean values of the significance level p-value<0,05, in program Statgraphic (One Way – ANOVA). Based on the results of measuring the level of somatic development, we found out that the body height has stagnating tendency for both men and women categories. Body weight had a stable level in men until 2014, but its value is about 5 kg higher than the population average. The women had body weight except in 2014 rising trend. Both in men and women category in 2015 significantly increased body weight. Observing body mass index (BMI) we found out a significant increase in values only for women. The relative value of the body fat in both men and women category at approximately the same level without significant difference index BMI more than men but the value of body fat on the other hand they were worse. In the test results of motor performance, we found out significantly lower levels of aerobic endurance compared to the first measurement in 2011, both men and women. In the case of speed-power capabilities of the arms and torso as well as for the dynamic force abdominal and hip muscles we can´t confirm increasing or decreasing tendency. From our research it is clear that aerobic endurance is the ability which has decreasing trend from year to year for both men and women category.

The relative lengths of the index finger to the ring finger (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic. It is believed that the 2D:4D negatively correlates with prenatal testosterone and positively with prenatal estrogen. Low 2D:4D is related to masculine traits such as aggression, physical fitness and performance in different sports. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the 2D:4D and physical fitness among 7 to 13 year-old boys. 316 boys were selected, all participants were in pre-pubertal stage. After completing the consent by their parents; height, weight, lengths of the index and ring fingers and physical fitness such as: strength, muscle endurance, power, speed, agility, flexibility and aerobic fitness were measured. The partial correlation coefficients was used to determine association between variables. Data analysis was done by SPSS software, version 20, and the level of significance was considered as P≤0.05. The results showed that the digit (2D:4D) ratio has no significant correlation with handgrip strength and aerobic fitness (P ˃0.05). Also, according to the results, no correlation has been observed between the 2D:4D and muscle endurance, power, speed, agility and flexibility (P ˃ 0.05). It seems that 2D:4D is associated with level of testosterone and prenatal estrogen; this index has no significant correlation with physical fitness in children and cannot be used to identify and discover talented individuals for various sporting fields. However, more researches are still needed in this area.

The main aim of this study is to turn attention to the need of incorporating hand-to-hand combat skills in training of the officers of the Polish Uniformed Services and using the skills during the competitions of the championships rank. In the study the attention was also drawn to the uniform services workers’ attitude to mixed martial arts (then: MMA) and their participation in the Championships of Poland in this sports discipline. The third aim of the study was to show the development of popularity of MMA in recent years, both in Poland and among the officers of the uniformed services

The benefits of barefoot walking is widely known. Our purpose was to examine the foot arch dynamics of sportsmen, who perform barefooted. The research sample consists of 25 skilled male judoka and 25 karateka (age 18-32 years, minimum 6 hours of training a week). We used navicular drop test to determine the level of foot arch dynamics. Results showed the significant differences between left and right foot of judoka and karateka and between two groups of participants as well (judoka´s foot arch dynamics is bigger than karateka´s). The differences could be caused by different way of shifting, different softness of the mats and different dynamics of each performance.

Introduction Purpose of swimming lessons is to teach non swimmers how to swimm and remove their fear from water, with swimmers we are improving individual swimming styles. The aim of the study is to monitor the level of the swimming abilities at FCHPT and compare it with the swimming standards. Methods The experimental sample consisted of 1160 respondents (494 boys and 666 girls) from the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Univerzity of Technology in Bratislava.. Measurement was carried out in the 25 meter indoorpools in Bratislava. We have tested the swimming ability by 100 meters free style. This kind of test is normally used in educational practice. The choice of swimming style is not critical in terms of the achieved time as in competitive swimming, because many times students have achieved better times when they were swimming breaststroke than free style with many technical mistakes.Men and women of competence we compared with standards from the year 2000. The results Based on our results, we found that the number of non-swimmers decreased compare to the year 1985. Since 1995 it is basically at the same level. In 1995 it was around 27%, in recent years, the number of non-swimmers have already dropped to a level of around 10%. In 1985 females non swimmers were almost 38%, in the following years the value stabilized between 15-20%. When comparing the changes in the level of competence in a range of 30 years we basically have not found out any abnormalities besides years 1995-1996. In all years the average measured time has been almost at the same level. Comparing to standards, men on level 136.7 s, women on level 172,4, (Macejková, 2008), our students swam around these levels. Only years 1995-1996 differs significantly because our students swam better than listed standards.. Summary Since 1979, it is the duty of the school to provide a swimming course for its students. We assume that the main cause of the high number of non-swimmers in 1985 was that university students did not have the opportunity to learn how to swim when they were younger. In 1995 on the other hand started to study at the university students who had already completed this training and it is reflected in the number of non- swimmers. Nowadays, these swimming courses depend on the financial situation of schools and parents, because they support it. As these days swimming is not a mandatory course at primary and secondary schools, we are trying to remove illiteracy by including swimming as a compulsory subject in the first year at our faculty.

The objective of the presented paper was to compare the selected variables of lifestyle in first-year students at two universities in Košice. The research sample group consisted of the first-year students of the P. J. Šafárik University in Košice (UPJŠ, n=918, 651 women and 267 men) and the Technical University in Košice (TUKE, n=653, 239 women and 414 men). We compiled our own test battery named “The risk factors of obesity and its prevention through physical activity” and administered it to students at the beginning of the respective academic years (September 2012 and September 2013). Presented paper focuses on questions related to: the students' satisfaction with their lifestyle, students expressing a need to change their lifestyle, frequency of structured physical activity, motivation to engage in structured physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and a structure of leisure activities. To process the collected data, we used the statistical software R. To test the significance of differences between the universities we used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. No significant difference between the universities was found on variables indicating the satisfaction with lifestyle. The most repeated lifestyle components that students of both universities would like to change were physical activity and dietary habits. These data reflect the findings that in the last half year over 61.5 % of UPJŠ students and 48.9 % of TUKE students were engaged in structured physical activity either irregularly or they were not engaged in any structured physical activity at all. Another analysis of significant difference (p<0.001) between the two universities was employed to indicate the frequency with which students engaged in structured physical activity. The analysis revealed a higher frequency in students of TUKE. The analysis also confirmed that the gender of a respondent had a greater influence on that difference than the university they attended. The students of both universities indicated that figure (appearance), enjoyment, health and physical fitness were the main motivators for structured physical activity. The difference between the universities, with regard to variables indicating the time which students spent engaged in sedentary behaviours was significant (p<0.001) during both working days and weekend days, where gender had no influence on this difference. Sedentary behaviours prevailed among the most common leisure activities in students of both universities. At the beginning of their university studies, lifestyle of a large number of first-year students at the two universities is characterized by the low level of engagement in structured physical activity and by sedentary leisure activities, with the existing differences between genders and the universities.

The objective of the presented paper was to compare the selected variables of ways to deal with anger students at two countries (Poland and Sweden). Throughout history, traditionally psychotherapists have conceptualized two primary ways to deal with anger - anger turned inward or anger turned outward. Anger can be the most difficult emotion and reaction to modify. The focus of the deliberations has been the area of selected constructive and destructive methods of copying with anger at students. The presented research was aiming at finding an answer to the question: how students in Poland and students in Sweden deal with anger? The research sample group consisted of the students in Poland (n=37) and students in Sweden (n=30). Questionnaires of an accepted psychometric value were applied in the research (Anger Scale, Emotional Control Scale ). Data concerning expression of experienced anger were obtained. The information refers to general situations and reactions that are usually revealed, typical for a particular student. The obtained data are of a self-descriptive character. The current study present that there are no significant differences between anger turned inward (p=0.293). In the light of the obtained data, the factor referred to as anger turned inward not differentiates the examined groups. The findings showing the higher level of anger turned outward at the students in Poland, but its not enough data to draw conclusions.

Food addiction is today the major cause of disease and death in our society and other economically developed countries. Hypothetically, this problem could be solved by simply convey the consequences of overeating to professionals and public. In reality though, it has been greatly difficult to successfully execute prolonged dietary restriction regimens. In context of the non-ability of many people to reduce their food intake, research pursuit are in progression to identify ways to alternatively reduce food intake or imitating the beneficial effects of dietary restriction using medical products, dietary supplements and gene therapies. Although all cells in the body require energy to last and perform efficiently, excessive calorie intake over long period of time can modify cell function and promote susceptibility to disease. In this review article we describe evidence suggesting that intermittent fasting (IF), can prolong the health through multiple interactive pathways and molecular mechanisms, all of which help cells cope with stress and resist disease. A better understanding of the impact of IF on the health will likely lead to novel approaches for preventing and treating numerous health disorders.